Study Quality & Evidence

A p-value below 0.05 becomes much less surprising when researchers test dozens of outcomes, time points, or subgroups. Here is how multiplicity changes the evidence—and how to recognize findings that need confirmation.

A practical, research-use-only framework for checking peptide identity, purity, content, analytical methods, batch documentation, storage support, and lot traceability.

Preregistration creates a time-stamped record of a study’s plans, helping readers distinguish prespecified tests from later exploration. Here is how to evaluate it without treating it as a certificate of quality.